Let's assume your new battery is good-- if you re-charge it over night,
does it still have the problem? If it does not start with a fully charged
battery, you can cross off the charging system, but you may have a problem
where something on the bike is drawing current while it is parked, draining
the battery over time to the point where the bike won't start. If the
problem is serious enough, you may have to re-charge the battery while
it is disconnected form the bike, so that the charge current is not
just being robbed by the bike.
Another possiblity if the bike doesn't start with a full, freshly re-charged
battery:
Sometimes what happens with battery cables is that they develop
high resistance connections; when you are trying to pull lots of current
to drive a starter, the cable connections all have to be clean and tight,
or the voltage drop generated at the dirty connection will not allow the
starter to turn. Sometimes you can actually feel the connection heating
up. So that would be the first and easiest thing to check... make sure the
connections at the battery cables are both very clean and snugged tight.
I use contact cleaners like Caig Deoxit on mine.
If that doesn't work, man, you're hosed.

The trouble-shooting gets
a lot more complicated after the first few steps are exhausted. Let us
know what you find out...